Origins of the Studio
The history of the Vatican Mosaic Studio dates from the beginning of the sixteenth century, when Pope Gregory XIII Boncompagni entrusted the painter Girolamo Muziano with the mosaic decoration of the Gregorian Chapel dome (1578-1580). Following its success, it was decided to extend this decoration to Michelangelo's great dome (1603-1612) and eventually to all the domes of the Basilica.
Some of the most important painters of the era—Giuseppe Cesari (Cavalier d'Arpino), Pietro da Cortona, and Francesco Trevisani—prepared pictorial models for the mosaicists. A special stucco made of linseed oil was developed in the sixteenth century to apply the "mosaic carpet" to the domes—a recipe preserved and still used today.
28,000 Shades of Color
While decorating the domes, work began on reproducing in mosaic the painted altarpieces of the Basilica's altars, which were deteriorating due to humidity. The great variety of colors required constant experimentation in techniques and mixtures, eventually leading to the production of approximately 28,000 different enamel color tones—some of which are still preserved in the Studio's warehouses today.
In total, the Basilica is covered with around 10,000 square meters of mosaic. In 1727, at the behest of Pope Benedict XIII, the "workshop" was organized as a permanent institution named "Vatican Mosaic Studio" and placed under the direct authority of the Fabric of Saint Peter.
The Art of Micromosaic
Around 1775, mosaicists Giacomo Raffaelli and Cesare Aguatti "rediscovered" the technique of "spun enamel" mosaic, whereby minuscule tesserae were obtained from the section of enamel rods formed in fusion. This innovation produced the first "minute mosaics" or "micromosaics"—miniaturized works used to decorate small everyday objects such as boxes, tobacco cases, and jewelry.
Grand Tour Treasures
Micromosaics became the most sought-after souvenirs of Rome, prized even by aristocracy on the "Grand Tour." The popes themselves commissioned gifts for European sovereigns—including a famous table depicting Achilles' shield, given by Pope Leo XIII to Charles X of France in 1826.
The Studio Today
Under the direction of the Fabric of Saint Peter, the Vatican Mosaic Studio today performs a dual function: conservation of the Basilica's mosaics through restoration work, and production of new mosaic works for sale to the public. Thanks to the skill and experience of its mosaicists—who still employ ancient technical-artistic procedures—works inspired by masterpieces of sacred and profane art are executed. The studio also carries out commissioned works and can be visited by appointment.